Slavery position with writers :: essays research papers

The issue of subjection in the nineteenth century delivered a mind-boggling issue in the public eye. There were a few journalists that supported bondage and afterward there were some that didn't support servitude. For subjugation were William Gillmore Simms, and Caroline Hentz. Those contradicted to subjection were Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry David Thoreau, and Herman Melville. These scholars introduced their perspectives on subjection in the their abstract works.      William Simms was a supporter of servitude and this obvious in his novel, â€Å"Woodcraft.† This epic happens in the south during the end of the Revolutionary War. Simms was conceived in Charleston, South Carolina, so he was raised on the souths’ position of master bondage. In Simms tale Woodcraft, he states, â€Å" Exhaustion not intelligence, or a superior condition of feeling, was the mystery of the harmony which was at long last closed between the two countries (America and Great Britain), and of which, South Carolina, and Charleston specifically, was enthusiastically anticipating the advantages. (Simms 35) Great Britain had burned through the majority of the Revolutionary War possessing Charleston and the troopers would remain at the peoples’ home with out the mortgage holders assent. This maddened numerous townspeople in Charleston and numerous other townspeople all through the south. Since the war was reaching a conclusion the individuals o f Charleston could have their city and homes once more. Additionally meaning manor proprietors and slave master proprietors could continue back to their work of the land, which was the significant wellspring of economy in the south. During the Revolutionary War, Great Britain was re-taking the captives of slave proprietors in the south. In â€Å"Woodcraft,† it is expressed, â€Å" South Carolina had just lost twenty-5,000 slaves, which British altruism had moved from the rice-fields of Carolina to the sugar domains of the West India Islands; and there were yet different thousands standing by to be also transported.† (Simms 35,36) Great Britain was taking slaves from America to use for their sugar bequests. Many slave proprietors were furious with the British for this, however looking back the slave proprietors had done likewise when they would take slaves from their families or would part slaves families up. Carolina Hentz was likewise a supporter of subjugation. She a ccepted that the slaves were dealt with well and that they were most appropriate as slaves. Hentz utilizes models in her novel, â€Å"The Planter’s Northern Bride,† with regards to how very much rewarded slaves were.

Surface Water And Groundwater

Surface Water And Groundwater The hydrological cycle portrays the constant development of water above, on, and underneath the outside of the earth. The water on the Earths surface water happens as streams, lakes, waterways just as sounds and wetlands. The water underneath the outside of the Earth basically is ground water, however it additionally incorporates soil water (Sphocleous, 2000). Communications among groundwater and surface water assume a basic job in the working of riparian biological systems. These associations can have noteworthy ramifications for both water amount and quality. Recognizing potential trade of water between the spring and stream channel has along these lines been examined by numerous specialists utilizing an assortment of techniques (USGS Ground Water Information, 2008). Evaluating groundwater-surface water collaborations is frequently mind boggling and troublesome. There are numerous elements which impact groundwater-surface water connections, for example, stream bed attributes, topography, geomorphology and atmosphere. As a rule various strategies have been utilized to determine the idea of groundwater surface water connections across various catchments. These strategies incorporate a few tracers used to recognize the trading of surface and groundwater, for example, heat, particle science, isotopes and infections. Potential surface spring communications have likewise been evaluated utilizing remote detecting and models (USGS, 2008; Kalbus et al, 2006). The reason for this article is to survey the different strategies used to decide groundwater and surface water communications and their significance while including huge contextual analyses from around the globe and inside Australia. Conversation Surface water and groundwater (GW-SW) have for quite some time been viewed as discrete elements, and have been examined exclusively. Albeit compound, natural and physical properties of surface water and groundwater are to be sure unique, they are not disengaged parts of the hydrologic framework, yet rather communicate in an assortment of physiographic and climatic scenes. In this way improvement or tainting of one normally influences the other (Kalbus et al, 2006). To comprehend GW-SW collaborations, it is important to comprehend the impacts of the hydrogeological condition on GW stream frameworks, that is the impacts of geography, topography, and atmosphere as these components are the significant effects on the sort of strategies use to decide GW-SW associations (see figures 1, 2 3) (USGS, 2008). Figure 1. Groundwater leakage into surface water Figure 2. Underwater springs coming about because of ground water course through exceptionally penetrable residue (USGS, 2008) (USGS, 2008) Figure 3. Ground-water stream ways fluctuate extraordinarily long, profundity and travel time from purposes of energize to purposes of release in the ground-water framework (USGS, 2008) Numerous investigations of GW-SW collaborations include the utilization of more than one procedure in endeavoring to decide nature of trades. Ecological tracers are normally happening disintegrated constituents, or physical properties of water that can be utilized to follow water development through water sheds. Frequently tracers, for example, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), traditionalist and non-preservationist particles, steady and radio-isotopes can be combined with piezometric checking and PC displaying to help in deciding the development and character of GW or SW (Hohener et al, 2003). CFCs are engineered halogenated unstable natural exacerbates that have been made since 1930 and can be recognized systematically in water in little focuses. Past survey articles have once in a while summed up the utilization of CFCs as tracers for dating unblemished groundwater as a disappointment because of neighborhood CFC sullying in overabundance of the harmony with present day air. Notwithstanding, CFCs do give hydrogeological tracers and dating devices for youthful groundwater on a period size of 50 years (Hohener et al, 2003). Since the mid 1970s, CFCs have been utilized routinely by hydrologists and different orders, for dating and following water masses. Utilizing gas chromatographs and electron catch finders, explanatory strategies for CFCs in water with identification limits for some specific CFCs, have been created. For the most part, the nearness of perceptible convergences of CFCs in groundwater demonstrates revive after the late 1940s, or blending of more seasoned water with more youthful water. Groundwater tests with CFC fixations between the explanatory recognition limit and the harmony with climatic focuses at revive temperature can conceivably be utilized for age-dating. The utilization of CFCs dating methods permits hydrologists and researchers the same to decide groundwater revive and blending supporting in distinguishing GW-SW connections (Hohener et al, 2003; Schilling et al, 2010). Scientists use a wide assortment of moderate and non-traditionalist tracers for hydrological examines. What's more, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, which are a piece of the water atom, are utilized to decide the blending of waters from various sources (USGS, 2008; Rodgers et al, 2004). This is effective in light of the distinctions in the isotopic piece of precipitation among energize territories, the adjustments in the isotoic structure of shallow subsurface water brought about by vanishing and worldly fluctuation in the isotopic organization of precipitation comparative with groundwater. For instance, 87Sr/86Sr proportions can be utilized to recognize groundwater release and surface blending. Strontium isotopes utilized in blend with increasingly customary tracers, for example, deuterium and 18O have assisted with building up the wellsprings of contrasting groundwater types entering lakes (Rodgers et al, 2004). Radioactive isotopes are helpful markers for the measure of time that water has spent in the groundwater framework. Deuterium and 18O have been utilized along with both radioactive tracers (3H/3He) and other non-customary tracers like uncommon earth components (REEs) to decide groundwater inflow and outpouring from huge lakes, for example, East African Rift Valley lakes (Ojiambo et al., in audit). Lyons et al. (1998) additionally have utilized wellsprings of both radioactive (36Cl) and non-radioactive (37Cl) tracers to find out wellsprings of solutes for Antarctic lake frameworks (Lyons et al, 1998). Another helpful pointer is 222Radon which is a synthetically idle radioactive gas that has a half-existence of just 3-4 days. It is delivered normally in groundwater as a result of the radioactive rot of 226radium in uranium-bearing rocks and dregs (Lyons et al, 1998). A few investigations have reported that radon can be utilized to recognize areas of critical groundwater contribution to a stream, for example, from springs. In France an investigation was directed where radon was utilized to decide stream-water misfortune to groundwater because of ground-water withdrawals (USGS, 2008). As appeared in figure 4, sharp changes in concoction focuses were distinguished over short separations as water from the Lot River in France moved into its adjacent alluvial spring because of siphoning from a well. An ecological tracer was utilized to decide the degree of blending of surface water with ground water, and radon was utilized to decide the inflow pace of stream water. At that point the rate at which disintegrated metals responded to frame strong stage during development of stream water toward the siphoning great could be determined (USGS, 2008). Preservationist and non-traditionalist particles as tracers can likewise be utilized to parameterize groundwater models just as to ascertain the age and energize area of ground waters. This should be possible by straightforwardly presenting 3H in a groundwater framework to decide groundwater stream ways which aids the model parameterization combined with the utilization of deuterium, 18O, 3H/3He proportions, and the as of late created 4He in-development method to direct parameterization of a groundwater model of a local spring (Sophocleous, 2000). Nature with the utilization and confinements of various traditionalist and non-moderate tracers to ground water and surface water situations is a significant part with potential uses of these strategies, GW-SW collaborations can be construed (Sphocleous, 2000; Schilling et al, 2010). In Australia, the vehicle of saline groundwater from neighborhood and territorial springs to the lower River Murray is believed to be affected by tidal ponds and wetlands present in nearby floodplains. In the examination by Banks et al, (2009), collaborations between a saline tidal pond and semi-bound spring at a floodplain on the River Murray were considered utilizing hydrogeological methods and natural tracers (Cl-, ÃŽÂ'2H and ÃŽÂ'18O) (Banks et al, 2009). The outcomes demonstrated utilizing piezometric surface observing that the tidal pond went about as a course through framework capturing nearby and provincial groundwater stream. The mass parity was resolved utilizing chloride, and indicated that around 70% of the tidal ponds winter volume was lost because of dissipation. Next a steady isotope mass equalization was utilized to gauge spillage from the tidal pond to the hidden spring. This indicated around 0-38% of the all out groundwater inflow into the tidal pond was lost to spillage, instead of 62-100% groundwater inflow which was lost to dissipation (Banks et al, 2009). Using piezometric surface checking and tracers, Banks et al, (2009), had the option to decide GW-SW collaborations. This permitted them to reason that the floodplain wetland acted as groundwater move through frameworks, blocking groundwater release, concentrating it and in the end energizing increasingly saline water to the floodplain spring. Having the option to follow, decide and comprehend GW-SW cooperations, for example, those introduced here, at last advantages powerful administration of saltiness in Australia (Banks et al, 2005). Further investigations of the Murray River and the Murray Basin have inferred that saltiness could likewise be added to by stream guideline and water redirection for water system as this could significantly affect the trading of surface water between the Murray River and

Accountant Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Accountant Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips The one thing that everybody in the world has in common is knowledge about money and where it can get us.Some people have more and some, unfortunately, have less, but it is what it is. The language that we all speak is money.Money is extremely addicting, and people love to spend it.But we have to take care of how we use it so that we don’t lose it. But most people are extremely bad at handling money.But what if those people had help? And they do!That help comes in the form of accountants, the seemingly only people who know what to do with money.The rich wouldn’t stay rich for long without them, and various companies would go bankrupt or just disappear if they didn’t have an accountant’s help.The history of accounting is thousands of years old, with mentions in early civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt and Babylon, but the word “accountant” comes from French.However, this job will never get old. As long as people are alive and using money accountants will have a job.T here are even predictions that the employment of accountants will grow 11% from 2014 till 2024, which is much faster than all the other professions.If you’re looking to become an accountant you should be proficient in English and Maths, as these are the classes on which accounting is mostly based on.You should also be able to think critically and analytically, and also at least have a tendency towards problem-solving.Now, whether you’re an experienced accountant or somebody who’s just making their first steps in the industry, you’ll need a great resume to land a great job!Luckily for you, we have prepared some examples, tips and tricks on making your resume absolutely amazing, and you can keep reading if you want to find out more about it!Senior Accountant Resume Example Right Accountant Resume Example Right Create your own resumeHere you were able to see two examples of professional accountant resumes, one for a senior accountant and the other for a junior one.This is how they should ideally look like when you send them to your potential employer.Don’t let that scare you, just keep reading to find out what parts of your resume are most important, how to draw attention to yourself and show your skills and experience in the best possible way, and how to land that job!Follow this step by step guide and don’t worry.After that, you can use our resume builder to build your own resume with ease in any of the various templates that we have to offer.HOW TO WRITE THE PERFECT PERSONAL INFO SECTION OF YOUR ACCOUNTANT RESUME IN 2019As with all the subsections of your resume that we will mention later on in the article, you can’t skip this one.Your personal information is something that your potential employer is going to use to get in touch with you when they decide to give you that job, so y ou can’t just leave it out or write it incorrectly.When it comes to your name, it should be somewhere where it can be easily read. It should be eye-catching, preferably positioned so that it’s on the upper center part of the paper, written in big, bold letters.So don’t try to write it somewhere where you’re employers will need more time to find it, because they will lose interest.Try using just your first and your last name in your resume, especially if your name is too long.Always use your actual government name and refrain from using any nicknames or lying about your name as there is no reason for that and you will be found out and probably won’t get the job.Another important thing to note is that the name that you write on your resume should match all the other social media accounts that you provided, like LinkedIn, for example.Here is how your name should be written in your resume:Irene Crispin RightIrene Maria Jennifer Crispin WrongAdding a photo to your resume is u sually optional.You should know that some countries require you to submit a photo with your resume, while some don’t.However, when it comes to some jobs, you really need to add a photo.Accounting is not one of those jobs unless the employer specifically says so for whatever reason.Anyway, make sure you check the description of the job offer thoroughly before sending it in.Feel free to leave out your complete home address, as it’s certainly not that important to your future employers.When you’re submitting a resume just write down the town and country that you live in so that they can know where you’re located.Other than that, if you’re keeping your resume somewhere online where people can see it leave out your home address completely and only add it when you’re sending in your resume.Your email address should be professional, without any nicknames or improper language and names. You should use your real name and if you don’t have an email address like that make a new o ne.irene.crispin@gmail.com Rightmelia2016@yahoo.com WrongHaving a professional-looking account is also advice that you can use when it comes to your social media accounts, both the ones that you share with your employer and the ones that you don’t.Keep them serious and sharp, and don’t post about hating your job, because somebody will find out and you’re probably going to get fired.Your LinkedIn profile is the only one that should be shared, so don’t submit your Facebook or Instagram.Also, make sure that your URL is personalized and uses your real name.HOW TO WRITE THE MOST PERFECT RESUME SUMMARY FOR YOUR ACCOUNTANT RESUME THAT WILL SURELY CATCH YOUR FUTURE EMPLOYERS EYEPeople usually have the biggest problem with writing a summary of their resume, but there’s no need for that. A summary is, as the name suggests, a summary.It’s a shortened version of all the most important things that you’ve written down in the rest of your resume.So if you’re having trouble with w riting the summary, you can just write the rest of the resume first and just don’t forget to summarize it later.As we mentioned, a summary is important because it’s where you showcase all of your most crucial strengths, and if it happens that your future employer only wants to read your summary, you should make it the best possible one.The summary adds depth and clarity to your resume.As we mentioned writing the summary section isn’t tough, but we have some tips that could help you.The summary shouldn’t be too long or too short.The perfect length is from three to six sentences, depending on how much you have to say. The information that you’re trying to showcase in your resume summary should be about:Years of experienceTraining, certifications and degreesSpecific accomplishments and received recognitionsSkills and experience that make you uniqueAreas of expertiseHowever, pick the most important ones that really describe you the best when writing that summary.If you’re un sure how to start your summary, we suggest that you put your professional title and years of experience as the first thing.SummaryGoal-oriented and motivated Senior Accountant with over 10 years of experience in the field. RightThen, you can add some of your achievements that show that you have the skills and you know how to use them.Put down some hard numbers, because it’s proven way you’ll have more chances at getting that job. This isn’t bragging, it’s describing your successes.Summary (cont.)Possesses strong analytical skills, extensive knowledge of the market and various accounting procedures. Good at solving problems and always follows deadlines. Certified Management Accountant responsible for figuring out and fixing a mistake that saved the company 1 million dollars annually. RightYou can personalize the end of the summary based on the job offer, or you can leave it like this.Summary (cont.)Looking to further her experience in the field. RightHOW TO WRITE THE BEST EXPERIENCE SECTION OF YOUR ACCOUNTANT RESUMEMost employers will base their decision about your future in their company on this section of your resume, because everybody wants an employee that already knows how to do things and can be relied on.This is why you have to make this part of your resume perfect!In this section you’re supposed to list where you’ve worked and for how long, but also all the most important skills and accomplishments at those jobs that you can transfer to this one.That’s what your future employers find important.Before you start listing all of those things, choose the format.The best format by far is the reverse chronological order.When using this format you’re listing your most recent job first and then the one before that, and so on.Usually, your most recent job is the one with the highest position and the best skills, and your future employers will see that one first.That’s why this format is so good.Another important thing to note is that you shou ld always read the job offer in great detail first, because they will probably write what kind of experience they’re searching for and you can alter your resume based on that.If you have experience in the field you’re almost good to go, and if you don’t have any don’t despair! You can still put down your volunteer work or internships where you learned some things that can be transferred onto the world of accounting.When you’re listing your skills and duties on certain jobs make sure that you don’t make them look bland.Add some hard numbers and turn them into accomplishments. Give them meaning and depth.Experience descriptionWorked with clients on developing financial plans, helping them save moneySupervised all payments and monitored accounts on a daily basisLead a team of people working in accounting with great resultsSolved a problem that cost the company 1 million dollars annually RightExperience descriptionEstimated budgetsContact with clientsOrganized files WrongA nd again, write some numbers to stand out from the rest of the applicants.We suggest that you use some strong action verbs and mention accounting specific skills when writing this section of your resume, as your knowledge of all the procedures and steps should be obviously stated.And as we mentioned before, in case that you don’t have any experience in the finance industry list all the duties, skills and accomplishments that you’ve gotten somewhere else but that can be transferred onto this position.You should follow the same advice even if you do have experience in the field, as it will show more things that you’re capable of.HOW TO WRITE THE MOST AMAZING EDUCATION SECTION OF YOUR ACCOUNTANT RESUME EVERUndoubtedly, education is important.We mentioned before that you can’t really get into accounting if English and Maths aren’t your strongest subjects.So your potential future employers need to see that you have what it takes.So you should always include your education on yo ur resume, and there are plenty of reasons for that, one of them being that your education might be able to show what your experience and skills section can’t.That being said, if you have a degree in Accounting and Finance, or something similar, you should list it like this: RightAnd if you’re still studying to become a part of this community, list your education like this: RightAlso, if you have any exceptional accomplishments from your years of education, you can list them like this: RightYou don’t have to list your high school degree in the education section of your resume if you have a degree, but if you need to list it you should do so like this: RightOnce again, if you have any exceptional accomplishments from your high school years feel free to list them in bullet-point form like the examples for universities above.Only list your GPA score if it was above-average, the other can do you more harm than good.HOW TO MAKE THE SKILLS SECTION OF YOUR RESUME THE BEST ONE EVER WRITTENIt might seem like we said “this is the most important section” for every section till now, and that’s because it’s the truth.You have to make all the sections and subsections of your resume perfect because you never know what your future employers are going to find to be the most crucial one.So once again, this is the most important part of your resume and you shouldn’t mess it up.Usually, employers looking for an accountant are looking for somebody with skills such as account analysis, financial statements, collections, payroll, regulatory filings, MS Office and IT skills, communication, organization, analytical and critical thinking.And pl enty of others too!When you’re listing your skills make sure that you use as many job-specific terms as you can, as it will show that you’re knowledgeable.Also, know some of the skills that all employers are looking for in a candidate.However, before you start writing down all of your skills read the job offer again carefully and see if they’ve stated any skills that they’re looking for in the candidate.If you match some of them add them to your list of skills.You can write that list in concise and straight-forward bullet-point form because employers will find it easier to skim over.Remember to only list the skills most relevant to your job title â€" just like in the experience and education section.Refrain from writing down skills that don’t have anything to do with the job that you’re applying for just so that you can have more skills on your resume because it will show that you’re unprofessional.However, don’t list mediocre skills that all accountants have, try to make your resume more eye-catching if you can.SkillsMicrosoft Office PackAnalytical skillsFinancial statementsBudget estimatesTax complianceFluent in English, Russian and French RightSkillsTeamworkOrganizedPhotoshop WrongUSEFUL TIPS AND TRICKS TO USE WHEN WRITING YOUR ACCOUNTANT RESUMEHeading of your resume â€" It would be best if you put the heading of the resume as your name. One o the biggest mistakes that job seekers make is putting “Curriculum Vitae” or any other variation of that as the header of their resume. Your employers know that it’s a resume, and your name should be more important than that.Honors and achievements â€" feel free to list your honors and achievements, but take care that they translate well into the job of an accountant. You don’t need to list that you won a race when you were in high school, but you can say that you lead your team to win.Volunteer experiences â€" Job seekers often forget to put down their volunteer experiences, but they are just as important as the regular ones. Of course, this also the case where you should worry about if your volunteer experience could have anything to do with being an accountant. Maybe you volunteered at your local shelter and helped them with budget estimates? Write that down!Adapting your resume â€" You should write a new resume for every job you apply for, or you can just change parts of it to make it more personal, like mentioning the name of the company that you want to work for or changing some of the skills so that they meet their requirements.Bullet points â€" Use these to present concise information as the employers are most likely to just skim over your resume and bullet points will catch their eyes.Skip personal details that are too personal â€" When writing the personal info section of your barista resume make sure that you don’t overshare. There are things that you might think about putting in your resume but that could either be considered unprofessional or that might ma ke your future employers make assumptions about you. Don’t list things such as your social security number, date of birth, race or ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, children, pregnancy status or citizenship. These things are of no concern to your employer.Grammar check â€" Always proofread your resume â€" you don’t want some embarrassing mistake to slip and ruin your chances of getting the job.Don’t lie â€" When writing about your skills and experiences don’t lie. Your inefficiency will most likely be seen as soon as you walk into the office and get ready to do your first task.Descriptions â€" It’s okay to use one or two fancy words and details for your resume, but too much flourish is usually something that employers don’t like, so be careful with that.Hobbies and interests â€" It’s fine to list your hobbies and interest as that will show your employer what kind of person you are, but you should only list the ones that a re relevant to the job of an accountant.Reviewing â€" Distance yourself from your resume and look at it from the eyes of the potential employer. Or just give it to a friend or family member that is used to seeing a lot of resumes. They will help you find the mistakes and improve your resume.Languages â€" feel free to list languages that you can speak fluently as your workplace could be a place where different cultures meet and your employers will appreciate that.Length of your resume â€" Your resume shouldn’t be too long, it’s fine if it can fit on just one page. Anything more than that is too much.Formatting â€" Keep your resume in physical and digital form, and also various types of files such as PDF or DOCX, maybe your employer will need them.Font â€" Only use serious fonts, and refrain from the ones that look too detailed and flourished.Resume template â€" All of this will be made way easier if you opt to use one of our resume templates on our resume builder. Just find the o ne that you like the looks of and continue editing it and saving some time.CONCLUSIONThat’s all that we can teach you when it comes to making your accountant resume.Make sure to follow this step by step guide when making your resume because it will make your life much easier!Make sure that all of the sections of your resume are the best possible ones, and don’t try too hard on one of them and leave the rest in a bad shape.And if you don’t know where to start, use our resume builder, because it will help you immensely and you’ll be thankful that you have it in your life.Now, just follow the steps and good luck with finding your perfect job! Create your own resume

Adam Smiths Theory in the Current World Economy Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The free market economy is still the dominant force in the world market today. It will always be an integral part of every economic activity. Yet, even countries like the USA and in Europe, a perfectly free market economy doesn t exist in reality. With the pressing issues of the financial crisis and recessions, the free market is one of the factors that carry the burden to explain what really happened. The evolution of the economy makes Smith s economic freedom much less be effective today. The weakness of this concept already exists since the birth of its definition way back to Smith. Ultimately, there is no way to separate the government from the market. The very least participation of the government is on the provision of currency for the market. Indirect involvement through transportation, infrastructures, defense, and education greatly helps the market economy. Without government interventions, the likelihood that monopolies will take over the free market is highly possible (B echtold, 2011). Maybe, the seemingly faltering free market can point its fingers to the lack or poor economic planning of most countries. If only Adam Smith is alive today, he would definitely make strategic improvements in his free-market ideology. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Smith's Theory in the Current World Economy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Direct interventions can lead to corruption and distortion of market frameworks (Scott, 2006). However, the policy must be created as an open book to everyone, especially the economic players in the free market. This includes the identification of various economic actors and recognition of different market frameworks within the free market system.

Elizabethan Crime And Punishment Of The Elizabethan Era

Elizabethan Crime and Punishment On a normal day during the Elizabethan Era you would pass the town square to find someone screaming bloody murder and begging for mercy. There were public executions that many people took a day off of their jobs to go see. Torture devices were a big part of Elizabethan Crime and Punishment. There was a specific punishment for everything from begging to high treason. If a peasant stole anything worth more than five pence, which was the currency of the time period they were hanged, anyone who committed a capital offense was quartered, and the queen’s guards were not allowed to wear cloaks. Crime and punishment of the Elizabethan era was brutal and ruthless compared to this day in time. Common Crimes†¦show more content†¦The Justice of the Peace for each town took up a tax from landowners so that they could help out the poor in the Elizabethan era. Punishments Every common crime had a specific and brutal punishment as its consequence but the poor took the worst part of Elizabethan Crime and Punishment. The punishments of the Elizabethan era were gory and brutal, there was always some type of bloodshed.There were many uncomfortable ways of torture and punishment that were very often did in front of the public.Very common punishments during the Elizabethan era were hanging,burning,The pillory and the Stocks,whipping,branding,pressing,ducking stools,the wheel,boiling,being starved in a public place,cutting off of ears and other parts of the anatomy,The Gossip’s Bridle, and The Drunkard’s cloak.All of the punishments were meant to be extremely embarrassing and nevertheless, painful and they were.Leg stocks were a very uncomfortable way of public punishment and it was extremely embarrassing.Leg stocks was when someone was tied up by their legs on a wooden board why inhumane things were done to them such as getting kicked,spat on,and called names.It was not the most painful punishment but it was very embarrassing.The most dreadful punishment by far was being hung, drawn, an d quartered although punishment by death was dreadful and terrifying.It was done publicly so many people would witness it.Some of the commonShow MoreRelatedElizabethan Era Crime and Punishment728 Words   |  3 PagesIn the Elizabethan era, doing a crime was the worst mistake of all, depending on how big your crime was, people had to know that their lives were at risk. Every crime was big before, even â€Å"crimes of treason and offenses against the state were treated with that murder and rape today.†(Elizabethan Crime and Punishment) â€Å"Offenses such as manslaughter, robbery, rape, piracy and capital crimes entitled one to hanging, usually in the town square.† (Elizabethan crime and Punishment) During Queen Elizabeth’sRead MoreCrime and Punishment in Elizabethan England788 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Elizabethan Era, crime and punishment was a brutal source of punishments towards criminals. The term â€Å"crime and punishment† was a series of pu nishments and penalties the government gave towards the people who broke the laws. In William Harrison’s article â€Å"Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England†, says that â€Å"the concept of incarcerating a person as punishment for a crime was a relatively novel at the time† (1). This seemed reasonable at the time, because back then they didn’t sentenceRead MoreEssay on Elizabethan Era: The Golden Age1205 Words   |  5 Pagespalaces full of gold and silver- these are just a few thoughts that come to mind when one hears the term â€Å"Elizabethan Era†; however, there is more to this period than what meets the eye. The Elizabethan Era was a significant epoch in the United Kingdom’s history. Ranging from 1558 to 1603, this was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Era, also known as the Elizabethan Age or Elizabethan Period, is said to be the golden age of English history, with a quite diversified public life, a riseRead MoreThe Life of William Shakespeare669 Words   |  3 Pagesto convince her that Hamlet deserves such violent punishments due to his actions. Throughout his speech the audience is completely aware that this is a set up done by Claudius himself. This speech builds a feeling of distance and mistrust between the audience and Claudius as they are entirely aware was the reasons behind Hamlets banishment. By his wording in the speech it displays Claudius’ character as a liar. If to be sitting in an Elizabethan audience Claudius would be frowned upon as he is nowRead MoreQueen Elizabeth I : The Golden Age Of The Elizabethan Era1000 Words   |  4 PagesEven today, people look back fondly on the Elizabethan Era as one of the times when England was very close to achieving a golden age. While living under Queen Elizabeth did bring about troubles, such as an extreme system of punishment and quarrels with the Catholics, the Elizabethan Era was a time of peace and prosperity, heavily c ontrasting life before and after Elizabeth’s reign. In a time when England was almost about to tear itself apart, Queen Elizabeth I came to power and improved the situationRead MoreCrime From The Elizabethan Era1813 Words   |  8 Pageshighs and lows. However, no matter which Era, certain problems always seem to shine through the cracks. This problem is usually caused by the sole culprit of crime. Crime is the largest problem in most times. Every time has its own crime; and therefore, every generation deals with crime differently, each using their own type of punishment and order. Also, each Era has had its own way to carry out the punishments. Oftentimes it had been through officials of crime. Though different generations have hadRead MoreCustoms Of The Elizabethan Wedding Customs1341 Words   |  6 Pagesnow (Elizabethan Wedding Customs 1). The main difference between marriages now and in the past is that in this case, the marriages were arranged, and there was no choice in who you married (Elizabethan Wedding Customs 1). Marriages were organized in a way in which both families would benefit from the marriage (Elizabethan Wedding Customs 1). Couples met for the first time on their wedding day (Elizabethan Wedding Customs 1). Some customs vary between the rich and the poor (Elizabethan WeddingRead MoreRenaissance Anatomy And Dissection825 Words   |  4 Pages The Renaissance was a time period in history that came with a plethora of changes in art, religion, and science. Considered one of the most beautiful eras thus far, it shaped the modern age. Curiosity peaked in people everywhere in Europe; this curiosity included fascination with the human body and new research. Dissection gained popularity and importance during the Renaissance, which led to body snatching becoming common; both of these activities gave way to new advancements. Dissection of humanRead MoreDeath Penalty : The Penalty1475 Words   |  6 Pages DEATH PENALTY BY TURKI ARUGI 6/15/2015 ELS LANGUAGE CENER Death Penalty When someone hears about death penalty the first thing that comes up to the mind is murder, robbery, treachery but not every crime is punishable by death penalty. It is indeed a punishment for severe crimes which are not forgivable or can be done in a prison. Sometimes death penalty is the only option left for the government or it may be too dangerous to let the person to stay alive. Death penalty is one of the mostRead MoreEssay about Elizabethan England2559 Words   |  11 PagesBloody Painful: Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England This article’s purpose is to express the danger of breaking the law in England. Most of the punishments of our time are deemed cruel and unusual. The death penalty can no longer be enacted in cases of theft or highway robbery. The following paragraphs will describe the various instruments of punishment (torture) of the period. One out of the ordinary punishment of this era is the drunkards cloak. It is a punishment for public drunkenness;

World Cities and Sustainable Development Free Essays

World Cities and Sustainable Development Subject: Sub-divided units in Hong Kong ( 1487 words ) Hong Kong has been celebrated for its sky-high belongings monetary value which has been a concern to both the policy shapers and the populace in recent old ages. Apart from the unaffordable belongings monetary values, Hong Kong besides faces societal issues like the sub-divided units, accidents such as the 2011 Fa Yuen Street fire [ 1 ] and the prostration edifice at Ma Tau Wei Road [ 2 ] in 2010 have roused public consciousness towards the issue. In this essay, I will foremost explicate the relationship between lodging and sustainable development. We will write a custom essay sample on World Cities and Sustainable Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then I will present the jobs of sub-divided units in Hong Kong and its influence on residents’ quality of life. Finally, I will measure the key challenges faced by the Hong Kong Housing Authority in turn toing the lodging jobs. Sustainable lodging dramas an of import function in sustainable development. Harmonizing to theSustainable Housing Policyissued by the United Nations Human Settlements Program ( UN-Habitat ) in 2012, lodging is one of the basic standards to mensurate the quality of life of people, which besides connect to environmental, societal, cultural and economic facets in the community [ 3 ] . The construction of lodging creates a great influence on both the current and future coevalss due to the life-long lastingness of edifices. Housing besides requires a considerable sum of natural resources, such as H2O, electricity, land and edifice stuffs as input, where lodging produces sewerage, municipal solid waste and other sorts of pollution that create negative impact to the natural environment. Hence, sustainable lodging is the key to travel a measure frontward sustainable development. UN-Habitat defined sustainable lodging as ‘genuinely sustainable houses are those that are inclusive and low-cost for all†¦and yet affordability is non plenty, because the alleged low-cost place can non be considered sustainable if they create negative impacts on the environment or societal life.’ [ 4 ] Harmonizing to the US-based consultancy Demographia, Hong Kong ranks the first among 360 metropoliss for the ‘most unaffordable’ lodging for the 4th consecutive twelvemonth. Hong Kong’s one-year average family income is merely one-fifteenth of the average place monetary value, therefore being rated as ‘severely unaffordable’ . [ 5 ] In 2013 Policy Address [ 6 ] , lodging jobs ranked foremost in the government’s precedence, particularly aimed at helping the grassroots into public lodging and in-between category households to home ownership. [ 7 ] However, the job could non be solved nightlong, the increasing figure of sub-divided units suggested that the authorization failed to help the grassroots and in-between category households in run intoing their basic demands to alleviate the poorness job. After the Fa Yuen Street fire and the collapsed edifice incident at Ma Tau Wei Road, safety of sub-divided units has raised the public concern. Among all lodging jobs, the state of affairs of sub-divided units is critical. The life environment of these sub-divided units are by and large little in size, but are poplar because of their affordability. Harmonizing to a research conducted by the University of Hong Kong, about 63 % of sub-divided units occupants lived at units which country are less than 160 sq. pes, where the smallest unit is about 70 sq. pes. Respondents reviewed that they were discontented about their life environment, particularly in fire safety, air circulation and security. Over two-third of the respondents stated that there were jobs such as H2O escape, home base exposure, concrete spalling and mussy electric wires, which imposed psychological force per unit area to them as they were worried about the building’s construction of their units particularly after the incidents. [ 8 ] The study besides stated that occupants were worried about their security in the sub-divided units, approximately 44 % reviewed that stealing occurred in their unit, followed by robbery ( 33 % ) , drugs covering ( 29 % ) , incendiarism ( 25 % ) and sex discourtesies ( 22 % ) . In footings of societal life, merely 5 % of occupants were familiar with their neighbours and maintained a friendly relationship with each other, while 60 % of respondents were non familiar or did non acknowledge their neighbours. At the same clip, approximately 77 % of occupants did non fall in or affect in any community activities. [ 9 ] Over half of the sub-unit occupants reflected that their greatest want is to acquire a public lodging colony, one-third wished to better their life environment. Furthermore, the greatest concern of the occupants is the sanitation job of the life environment, followed by security and the safety of the building’s construction. In footings of psychological well-being, occupants reflected that they were worried about the lifting rent and frequently felt laden due to the narrow and bantam life status. These jobs of sub-divided units have been earnestly impacting the residents’ quality of life as they struggled hard to keep a life. [ 10 ] Furthermore, the bulk of occupants felt detached, unhappy and have low sense of properties to the society as they seldom communicate with each other and rarely involved in their community, which would impact their physiological well-being. In footings of life environment, they were discontent about the sanitation and safety jobs, and the bulk wished to travel into the public lodging every bit shortly as possible. There are three challenges faced by the Hong Kong Housing Authority in turn toing the job of sub-divided units. First, Hong Kong faces the job of limited land supply. Presently 23 % of land has been development, and 7 % is allocated for residential land usage. The deficit in land supply will further take to the lifting monetary value of belongings monetary values. [ 11 ] To turn to this job, renewal is frequently used since the 1970s. [ 12 ] In 2013, development curate Paul Chan Mo Po even suggested constructing estate by uncluttering an country in the state park [ 13 ] or construct places on the golf nine site, [ 14 ] these steps and suggestions faced strong expostulation in the society. Second, the authorities failed to command the belongings monetary values. Under the sky-high belongings monetary values, the authorities eventually attempted to interfere the market by presenting the dual cast responsibilities to relieve the state of affairs. [ 15 ] However, the program failed to command the belongings monetary values and the belongings monetary values in Hong Kong reached new highs in August 2014, entering the highest belongings monetary value in Hong Kong’s history. [ 16 ] Third, the job of ‘sub-divided units’ jobs involved the work of different governments and the division of duties is non clearly defined. Therefore, different sections may decline to take the duties. The job non merely related to edifice and fire safety, but besides other issues such as edifice direction job, urban reclamation job and lodging job. [ 17 ] Sustainable lodging should non be measured merely in footings of affordability, and should means more than a roof over one’s caput. A sustainable lodging system should be able to supply abode with: equal basic substructure, privateness, infinite, handiness, safety, security, dependability, sanitation and waste-management installations, suited environmental quality, accessible location to make basic installations and work topographic point, accessible and equity transit system, while all these standards should be brought with low-cost monetary value. [ 18 ] These factors are what Hong Kong presently lack and should be taking into history in doing lodging policies and determinations. Mention â€Å" 2011-12 Policy Address – Policy Address. †2011-12 Policy Address – Policy Address. 12 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.policyaddress.gov.hk/11-12/eng/p190.html gt ; . â€Å" 2013 Policy Address by Chief Executive ( 3 ) . †2013 Policy Address by Chief Executive ( 3 ). Hong Kong Government Press Release. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201301/16/P201301160282.htm gt ; . â€Å" State Park Carve-up the Worst of All Land Options. †South China Morning Post. 25 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scmp.com/property/hong-kong-china/article/1311176/country-park-carve-worst-all-land-options gt ; . â€Å" Easing of Double Stamp Duty Another Example of Leung ‘s Failed Housing Policy. †South China Morning Post. 16 May 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1512772/easing-double-stamp-duty-another-example-leungs-failed gt ; . â€Å" Land Utilization in Hong Kong. †Land Utilization in Hong Kong. Planning Department, 16 July 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html gt ; . Li, Yiu-wa. â€Å" Public Rental Housing for Young People. † ( 2012 ) .HKU Scholars Hub. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //hdl.handle.net/10722/174578 gt ; . Li, Yvonne. â€Å" Hong Kong Ranks World ‘s No 1 for ‘most Unaffordable ‘ Housing. †Property. South China Morning Post, 22 Jan. 2014. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scmp.com/property/hong-kong-china/article/1410730/hong-kong-ranks-worlds-no-1-most-unaffordable-housing? page=all gt ; . Mok, Siu-fan. â€Å" Searching for Improvements: An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Public Rental Housing Policy in Hong Kong since 1998. †HKU Scholars Hub. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //hdl.handle.net/10722/131428 gt ; . Ngai, Edward. â€Å" Defying Gravity: Hong Kong Property Prices Reach New Highs. †The Wall Street Jorunal. China Real Time Report RSS, 8 Aug. 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/08/08/defying-gravity-hong-kong-property-prices-reach-new-highs/ gt ; . â€Å" Paul Chan Should Revive His Plan for Homes on Golf Club Site. †South China Morning Post. 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1308854/paul-chan-should-revive-his-plan-homes-golf-club-site gt ; . â€Å" Reclamation Is One Option. †South China Morning Post. 24 Apr. 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/1221671/reclamation-one-option gt ; . South China Morning Post. Police release more images of fire suspects. 5 December 2011. Print Sustainable Housing for Sustainable Cities. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Programme ( UN-Habitat ) , 2012. Print. Wong, Man-kin, James. â€Å" Domestic Sub-divided Unit of measurements in Urban Areas in Hong Kong: A Study of Policy Problems and Solutions. † ( 2012 ) .HKU Scholars Hub. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //hdl.handle.net/10722/184387 gt ; . Youth Hong Kong Editorial Team. â€Å" Housing Dilemmas – Give the Young a Future. †Education Post. 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.educationpost.com.hk/resources/youth/140117-housing-dilemmas- give-the-young-a-future gt ; . Yuen, Ming, and Joy Lu. â€Å" HK Building Collapse Kills Three ; Two Missing. †HK Building Collapse Kills Three ; Two Missing. China Daily, 30 Jan. 2010. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-01/30/content_9401882.htm gt ; . â€Å" ? ·Ã‚ ±? °?aY-a?ˆe?Sâ€Å"a?-a °?ec †c ©Ã‚ ¶ . † a? ¤eˆsa?Sa ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹a?†¹a†¹Ã¢â€ž ¢a §Ã¢â‚¬ aâ€Å" e?„a?†¹c §?aâ€Å"a ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¡a ·?aa °?c µÃ¢â‚¬Å¾ . e ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢ a ¤Ã‚ §a ­?c §Ã‹â€ aeˆ?ac †c ©Ã‚ ¶a? ­aa?S ?†?c ­-aaa?ˆâ€ °eâ„ ¢?a†¦Ã‚ ¬a , 11 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityu.edu.hk/hkhousing/r A ; c/ssp_last.pdf gt ; . 1 How to cite World Cities and Sustainable Development, Essay examples

Vietnamese Fate free essay sample

I will never get to meet perhaps the most influential woman in my life. If not for her decision seventeen years ago, I could still be living in the streets of Vietnam. The woman I am referring to is my birth mother. As a teenager she made the conscious decision to give me up for adoption in hopes that I might be able to find opportunities she did not haveopportunities that do not exist in Vietnam. Every night I think about what my life could have been like. Would I be literate? Would I be working in a sweatshop? Would I become a parent as a teenager like my birth mom? Think about that. I am currently the same age as my mother when she gave me up for adoption. Her life could have been mine. Life in Vietnam starkly contrasts the fast-paced life I was being brought into; however, I was still the same timorous person at heart. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnamese Fate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout my early school years I was shy and had a hard time feeling confident in myself. On my first day of second grade I sat secluded at my own table because I thought I was different from everyone else. Rarely was I confident enough to raise my hand to participate. Even though I was succeeding on paper, I was truly alone. My parents probed me to participate in baseball and I am grateful they did. The diamond was the first place I felt like I fit in, and my teammates and I bonded over our competitive spirits. My childhood baseball friends became and still are my best friends, yet even on the baseball field I compared myself to others and felt as if I was not good enough. While my teachers and friends attempted to address my reclusive nature, I never disclosed the basis of my troubles. The root of my vulnerability can be traced to a phantom of my pastmy birth father. I never questioned his intentions until I needed my Vietnamese birth certificate for a school project. What I found rocked my world. The father spot was blank. Initially, I was puzzled; however, with time I felt dejected and heartbroken that the man who brought me into this world did not care enough about me to leave his name on my birth certificate. For a while I questioned others’ intentions and lost confidence in myself. At times, I felt as if my heart was shattered into a million pieces, but what I did not know was that happier times were ahead. Throughout the trials and tribulations I found comfort in my faith and family. My parents took a chance on me and brought me into their home willing to love and support me unconditionally. I am eternally appreciative for that. My most cherished memories are with my family. I remember when my mom taught me how to cook. I burned my hand touching the stove asking, â€Å"Is it hot yet?† I remember going to college basketball games with my dad and begging him to teach me how to play the next day. I remember sledding down the slopes with my little brother and sipping on hot chocolate afterwards. I am proud to say that family is and will remain at the center of my life. What brings everything full circle is my faith. I have never felt closer to God then when I was sitting atop a dormant volcano in the Galapagos. I saw the expansive sea with waves billowing and the hills and valleys exactly as God created them. While gazing into nature in its purest form, I began to reflect on the ser ies of unlikely events that created the foundation of who I am today. In that moment I realized that life has been handing me chance after chance, and it is my job to take and run with them.

Salesperson Job Essays - Sales, Human Resource Management

Salesperson Job Gina Kubasko Chapter 12 The knowledge salespeople develop throughout entrance training is essential for their future position in the company. They will benefit from the skills they learn in training when they are out on their own. Training can be divided into two categories. The first one is operation, which is used for the operation of the territory. The second is behavioral, which involves the sales skills development area. Technology is playing a big part in training for companies, more so then in the past. Developing sales skills include persuasive communication and the selling process. The trend for persuasive selling is for sales people to better understand themselves. The selling process is seen as a series of steps. There steps are prospecting, the pre-approach, the approach, the presentation, and the trial close. If all the first steps work then the trail close should be a sure thing. Gina Kubasko Chapter 13 The greatest challenge in a company is for salespeople to be motivated. This is the job for the sales manager. It is their responsibility to make sure the salespeople are working to their ability. There are seven components for sales managers to do to motivate their employees. The first component to look at is understanding of the motivational concept and what motivation means. The second concept is having a high performance sales culture with good behaviors, values and ideas. The third aspect a sales manager needs to know is that all sales people are different and they need to be motivated in different ways. The fourth concept involves realizing that sales people need to know what this is going to do for the customer and not just what it is going to do for them. The fifth concept is the sales manager has to know their employees personality and ability. The sixth concept is motivational coaching and teaching, which leads us into the last concept of being realistic. A sales manager mu st be realistic when setting goals for his team. Gina Kubasko Chapter 14 Compensation plays a big part it motivational selling. The best way to compensate employees is, of course, cash rewards. A good sales manager must be able to reward their employees properly and fairly. A lot of companies give their employees many ways to increase their salaries through compensation. Many employees are hired with a living wage and top sales people should be able to increase their salary to as much as 50 percent. Companies often pay for daily expenses incurred during an employees project. When developing new compensation plans. Managers should take into account the job and the market it is involved in. if a manager is going to reward with materialistic compensations, he/she should put a dollar value on the reward. Gina Kubasko Chapter 15 Leadership is a very influential thing in companies today. Sales managers must have good leadership skills and show good examples for their employees. There are many different leadership skills. It is best to cheese the one that fits with the employees personality. The sales group will eventually for a personality. Some of the virtues that make up this personality are characteristics, norms, expectations, and sales culture. Gina Kubasko Chapter 16 There are many ways to find out if a companies sales people are doing their job in an efficient way. Net sales volume analysis and marketing analysis are just two useful things that many companies use. There are many aspects of these analyses. A sales manger cannot use one with out the other. They would not be able to tell whether the company is benefiting from their sales people. Basically there are a lot of small equations and reports that help the sales manager make a good decision about his company. Gina Kubasko Chapter 17 Job performance is the most important aspect of good marketing. A company must be able to compete with other companies. They should use both quantitative and qualitative performance criteria. Evaluations of theses performances should be done on a regular basis. Rewards should be given out accordingly. By giving these evaluations, problems in the company can be fixed in an efficient manner. Bibliography Marketing book Business Essays

5 Great Part-Time Jobs for College Students

5 Great Part-Time Jobs for College Students Let’s face it: college isn’t cheap. From tuition, room and board, and books to incidentals like travel expenses, social activities and the occasional beer or two, the costs add up. You could sell your organs, but there are easier ways to make a quick buck. Not only that, but the right part-time job looks terrific on your resume and just may position you for career success after graduation. Let’s take a closer look at five of the best part-time jobs for college students. 1. College Tour GuideJust how good is this gig? USA Today actually ran an article on the many perks of being a tour guide. Not only do you get great swag and access to exclusive events and social networking opportunities, but you also have the opportunity to hone your communication skills. This practice will come in handy whether you’re delivering an in-class presentation or undergoing a job interview.The competition may be steep for these jobs, but the rewards are big, and will continue to pay off in professionalism, confidence and leadership.Even better? According to some reports, college tour guides make as much as $13/hour - not too shabby for backwards walking through the hallowed halls of your institution.2. Library/Computer Lab MonitorLove books? How about peace and quiet? If so, a library monitor position may be the ideal fit for you. Library monitors have a number of different responsibilities - from checking out books at the circulation desk to scanning, sorting and shelving them. Organization is a helpful trait for library monitors, as is helpfulness: you will likely be frequently called upon to help other students do everything from use the school computers to find information on academic topics.If library stacks feel like home to you, a library monitor job may be the perfect fit.Computer monitors and library monitors share many common responsibilities, although computer monitors should also have strong computer literacy.And while library monitors and co mputer lab monitors might not haul in the biggest bucks, they typically come with an ample amount of downtime meaning the opportunity to pursue your own studies while on the job.3. Fitness InstructorIf fitness is already a large part of your life, why not get paid for it? Whether you are devoted to your yoga practice or enjoy the energy of Zumba, university recreation centers are always on the lookout for enthusiastic talent. If you love helping people discover their own personal passion for health and fitness, this job offers the perfect opportunity to make a different while honing your leadership skills and making more than $15/hour.4. Residential AssistantToday’s employers are always on the lookout for tomorrow’s business leaders and innovators. One way to stand out from the crowd? Apply to be a residential assistant (RA).RA positions are coveted, and with good reason: not only is your room and board typically covered as compensation, but this job also gives you the tremendous opportunity to play an important role in the lives of incoming students. You will also have the chance to learn the ins and outs of everything going on around your campus while interacting with diverse people and learning valuable life skills in the process.5. TutorWherever there are students, there are people in need of some extra academic help. Whether you’re an ace at math or a whiz with the written word, there are plenty of opportunities for tutoring jobs - both on and off campus. The hours are flexible and can be done either online or in person.An added benefit? Parents are willing to fork over big bucks to help their kids succeed in in their academic studies. Tutoring is also a great way for you to revisit past materials for mastery.Get paid to share your smarts.There are many great-part time jobs for college students depending on your strengths, skills and interests. Want a jump start on finding the perfect one? Sign up for the TheJobNetwork’s Real- Time job matching, which connects job seekers with employers based on your individual needs and preferences.

Should Smoking be Prohibited on Campus Speech or Presentation

Should Smoking be Prohibited on Campus - Speech or Presentation Example The debate of whether or not to ban smoking on campus has been there for quite a while, particularly since the start of the 21st century. Seeing more and more college campuses putting bans on smoking presently creates a huge debate platform for both defenders and proponents. While some think that such campus smoking bans mostly remain effective on certain levels in discouraging the newly independent college students to continue smoking, critics claim that college smoking bans are a product of pure authoritative rule under which no individual freedom is allowed. According to latest report, all campuses of University of California will be banning smoking as a result of which every campus would become smoke-free over the course of two years as the UC President compelled the chancellors of all the campuses nationwide to begin implementing smoke-free policies (Rojas, 2012). Discussion of causes: Defenders of campus smoking bans claim that smoking practices on campus seriously interfere wi th a healthy educational atmosphere and if such bans are taken seriously by more and more management authorities and strictly implemented, vivid changes can be seen happening in favor of mental and physical wellbeing of the students. ... s, to break free from the spell of conservative norms they are taught by their parents at homes which is why they fall for heaving smoking while absolutely disregarding the sanctity of their educational institution. Because continuing smoking habit on campus can potentially fuel a student’s mind to develop vast distance between him/herself and abiding by the educational requirements, so smoking should be absolutely banned on campus according to defenders of ban imposition. Campus smoking bans are not very old because it was not before 2000 that smoking-free campuses began surfacing in America. From this, it can be ascertained that smoking-free colleges are essentially a consequence of an increase in the health awareness and consciousness in the educated society which has occurred in the 21st century. The smoke-free spree was fuelled by the fact that no one could pass in or out of a door on any campus without going through a corridor fraught with smoke (Patterson, cited in Stei nberg, 2011). Students began smoking on campus in such a staggering number that it raised huge concern for the education, health and mental wellbeing of a student which is why smoking bans are getting more and more common with every passing day. Colleges that have imposed the ban on smoking should continue with the ban because it is one of the most important health concerns. Smoking is potentially dangerous for health as it is known to be a cause of several diseases that include but are not limited to oral cancer, lungs cancer and heart attack. Smoking in colleges should be prohibited also because smoking happens to be the first step in the way towards drug addiction for a lot of students. Being young and immature, students start exploring the world of narcotics and drugs starting from smoking

Research summary article on theorist Patricia Benner Essay

Research summary article on theorist Patricia Benner - Essay Example ding, one core fact that cannot be disputed that in most jurisdictions, a person is expected to produce a form of attestation that shows mastery over theory by passing a given examination before accreditation can be given to practice. The question that comes to mind in such an instance therefore is whether Benner held a convincing position with her theory in the primary research titled â€Å"from novice to expert†. In the article by Benner, the researcher emphasized on the relationship between theory and practice and noted that it is possible for expert nurses to develop the skills and understanding needed to undertake critical patient care even when knowledge on theory is minimal. From this assertion, the researcher was able to identify five major levels of nursing proficiency, all of which were largely based on the outcome of practical nursing experience. These stages were novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. In what may be stated to be a perspective opinion, Benner noted that a lot of emphasis can be taken away from theory to practice because practical knowledge comes through research and that theory is only manifested as a characterization of practice. By implication, the researcher opined that theory is not sufficient to bring effective practice but through field practice, a person is able to get the fundamental â€Å"know how† of clinical experience. Based on the synopsis that has been given about the primary research by Benner, an immediate conclusion that can be given is that most parts of the world have not embraced her theory because without theoretical competence, it is very difficult for a person to be accredited to practice as a nurse. From a personal position, it would be said that as much as it will be agreed that a person can gain more experience whiles practicing nursing, the need for period updating of one’s theoretical knowhow cannot be underestimated. This is because the health sector is one that is highly technical

Properties of Cartilage Tissue

Properties of Cartilage Tissue Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Joint cartilage is highly sophisticated and has been optimised by evolution. There have been considerable research interests related to the cartilage cells, chondrocytes. In the last decades these studies made cartilage the first and very successful tissue engineering treatment. (Brittberg et al. 1994) 1.2 Categorization of cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue are categorised in three major types by their different biochemical composition and structure of their extracellular matrix (ECM). Elastic cartilage has a few cells, a small concentration of proteoglycans (PGs), and a relatively high proportion of elastin fibres. It is found in the epiglottis, small laryngeal, the external ear, auditory tube, and the small bronchi, where it is generally required to resist bending forces. Fibrocartilage also contains a small concentration of PGs, but far less elastin. The meniscus in the knee joint is made of fibrocartilaginous tissue. The third and most widespread cartilage in the human body is hyaline. It is resistant to compression or tensile forces due to the network organisation of type II collagen fibres associated with a high concentration of PGs. Hyaline cartilage can be found in the nose, the trachea, bronchi, and synovial joints. In the latter case, it is termed as articular cartilage, representing a unique type of connectiv e tissue. Its outwards thin layer covers the articulating joint surfaces and belies a specific structure with unique mechanical properties. These two layers acting as a covering material, is fibricated by the viscous synovial fluid. The joint capsule encloses the entire joint and retains the synovial fluid. (Schulz and Bader, 2006) 1.3 Composition of articular cartilage Articular cartilage is composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix that consists of proteoglycans, collagens and water. (Darling and Athanasiou 2005) Chondrocytes contribute only between 5% of the tissue volume; the remaining 95% being composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), which is synthesised by the chondrocytes. (Mollenhauer, 2008; Buckwalter et al. 1988) The ECM of articular cartilage consists of about 60-85% water and dissolved electrolytes. The solid framework is composed of collagens (10-20%), PGs (3-10%), noncollagenous proteins and glycoproteins. (Buckwalter et al. 1997; Buckwalter et al. 1990) In articular cartilage, 95% of collagen in the ECM is comprised of collagen type II fibrils. The rest other collagen types are collagen type IX and XI and a small fraction of types III, VI, XII and XIV. (Eyre 2002) Type-I collagen forms thick fibres. Type-III forms thin  ¬Ã‚ bres. Unlike these two collagens, Type-II collagen which is present in hyaline and elastic cartila ges does not form  ¬Ã‚ bres, and its very thin  ¬Ã‚ brils are disposed as a loose mesh that strongly interacts with the ground substance. (Montes, 1996) This collagen component in articular cartilage provides tensile stiffness and strength to the tissue and opposes the swelling capacity generated by highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the proteoglycans (PGs). The majority (50-85%) of the overall PG content in this tissue type were presented by large molecule aggrecan. This consist of a protein backbone, the core protein, to which unbranched GAGs side chains of chondroitin sulphate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) are covalently attached. ( 1.1) (Watanabe et al. 1998; Schulz and Bader, 2006) 1.1. Illustration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) organization of articular cartilage (Left) and the schematic sketches (Right) of the most relevant polysaccharides of proteoglycans (PGs) in articular cartilage. The PGs consist of a strand of hyaluronic acid (HA), to which a core protein is non-covalently attached. On the core protein, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as keratan sulphate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are covalently bound in a bottle brush fashion. (Modified from Schulz and Bader, 2006 and Mow and Wang, 1999) 1.4 Low capacity of self-repair The aneural and avascular nature of articular cartilage, coupled with its low cellularity, contribute to both the limited rate and incomplete nature of the repair process following damage. (Heywood et al., 2004) In addition, the low mitotic potential of chondrocytes in vivo also contributes to its poor ability to undergo self-repair. (Kuroda et al., 2006) Indeed, in experimental studies on adult animals, full-thickness cartilage defects extending into the subchondral bone, have been reported to heal with the formation of fibrous tissue, which contains relatively low amounts of type II collagen and aggrecan. It is also composed of a relatively high content present in type I collagen, not present in normal adult articular cartilage and accordingly exhibits impaired mechanical integrity. (Hjertquist et al., 1971; Eyre et al., 1992) 1.5 Metabolism of articular cartilage Joint cartilage is supplied with nutrients and oxygen by the synovial fluid diffusion facilitated by compressive cyclic loading during joint movements as a pumping function. (Mollenhauer, 2008) Chondrocytes are imbedded in ECM. Within synovial joints, oxygen supply to articular chondrocytes is very limited. The oxygen tensions are very low varying from around 6% at the joint surface to 1% in the deep layers of healthy articular cartilage. It is supposed to be even further decreased under pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. The metabolism of chondrocytes is largely glycolytic. Oxygen-dependent energy generated by oxidative phosphorylation is just a minor contributor to the overall energy in chondrocytes. Articular chondrocytes appear to show a so-called negative Pasteur effect, whereby, glycolysis falls as O2 levels drop leading to the fall in ATP and matrix synthesis. (Gibson JS et al., 2008) A negative Pasteur effect would make chondrocytes parti cularly liable to suffer a shortage of energy under anoxic conditions. (Lee and Urban, 1997) Changes in O2 tension also have profound effects on cell phenotype, gene expression, and morphology, as well as response to, and production of, cytokines. Condrocytes live in hypoxic environments implies that speci ¬Ã‚ c factors are required to control certain genes that are responsible for glucose metabolism, energy metabolism, pH regulation, and other responses. The most important component of this hypoxic response is mediated by transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is present in most hypoxia inducible genes. (Pfander and Gelse, 2007; Gibson JS et al., 2008) HIF-1a is necessary for anaerobic energy generation by upregulation of glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters. (Yudoh et al. 2005) A previous study shows chondrocytes are not able to survive hypoxia in the absence of HIF-1. (Schipani et al. 2001) Moreover, the matrix turnover in articular cartilage is extremely slow. Proteoglycan turnover is up to 25 years. Collagen half-life is estimated to range from several decades up to 400 years. No immune-competent cells (macrophages, T-cells) enter the cartilage tissue. Thus chondrocytes have to defend themselves against hostile microorganisms, leading to its immunologically privileged. (Mollenhauer, 2008) 1.6 Mechanical conditions in vivo In vivo joint loading can result in high peak mechanical stresses (15-20 MPa) that occur over very short durations (1 s) causing cartilage compressive strains of only 1-3%. (Mollenhauer, 2008; Hodge et al., 1986) In contrast, sustained physiological stresses applied to knee joints for 5-30 min can cause compressive strains in certain knee cartilages as high as 40-45%. (Mollenhauer, 2008; Herberhold et al., 1999) A study of the response of articular cartilage from humans to impact load showed that articular cartilage could withstand impact loads of as much as 25 MPa at strain rates from 500 to 1000 s-1 without apparent damage. Impact loads exceeding this level caused chondrocyte death or fissure in the hip or knee. (Repo RU and Finlay JB, 1977) Chapter 2 Osteoarthritis and Treatments 2.1 Osteoarthritis, diagnosis and classification Most cartilage defects are due to direct trauma, but may also occur in avascular necrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, and a variety of cartilage disorders. The defect may be limited to the joint surface (chondral) or involve the underlying bone (osteochondral). (NHS guidance 2006) Articular cartilage defects can progress to osteoarthritis (OA) in some patients, which is a major health problem in developed countries. (Kuroda et al. 2006; Schulz and Bader, 2006; Buckwalter, 2002; Cicuttini 1996) Symptoms may include pain, catching, locking and swelling, and may lead to degenerative changes within the joint. (NHS guidance 2006) Arthroscopy has been used as the â€Å"gold standard† to confirmed cartilage defects. In a review of 31,516 knee arthroscopies of cartilage injury patients, the incidence of chondral lesions was 63%; the incidence of full-thickness articular cartilage lesions with exposed bone were 20% , with 5% of these occurring in patients under 40-years-old. (Marlovits, et al. 2008) Osteoarthritis (OA) severity is commonly graded from radiographic images in accordance with the Kellgren and Lawrence scale Bilateral. (Kellgren and Bier, 1956; Kellgren and Lawrence, 1957) Osteoporosis and erosions which included narrowing of joint space were recorded separately and graded as follows: 0 = no changes; 1 = doubtful joint space narrowing; 2 = minimal change, mostly characterized by osteophytes; 3 = moderate change, characterized by multiple osteophytes and/or definite joint space narrowing; and 4 = severe change, characterized by marked joint space narrowing with bone-on-bone contact with large osteophytes. (Kellgren and Bier, 1956; Husing et al. 2003) The radiologic grade of OA was inversely associated with the joint space width (JSW). (Agnesi et al. 2008) MRI is currently the standard method for cartilage evaluation, as it is a non-invasive, non-contact, multi-planar technique capable of producing high resolution, high contrast images in serial contiguous slices and it enables morphological assessment of the cartilage surface, thickness, volume and subchondral bone. The MRI classification of articular chondral defects are as follows: 1=Abnormal intrachondral signal with a normal chondral surface; 2=Mild surface irregularity and/or focal loss of less than 50% of the cartilage thickness; 3=Severe surface irregularity with focal loss of 50% to 100% of the cartilage thickness; 4=Complete loss of articular cartilage, with exposure of subchondral bone. (Marlovits et al. 2008) Agnesi et al. compared the radiologic grading of OA patients with the joint surface width measurements obtained from MRI images. (Agnesi et al. 2008) 2.2 Non-tissue engineering treatments Pain caused by osteoarthritis can be reduced through a number of methods. (Altman et al. 2006) These include: â€Å"Exercise programmes (strength and flexibility) and lifestyle changes Medication Dietary supplements Knee viscosupplementation Guidelines for viscosupplementation Other injections Custom foot orthotics Knee braces Other assisted devices (canes and walkers) Surgery† Total knee replacement is most commonly performed in people over 60 years of age. (NHS guidance, 2006; Altman et al., 2006; Brittberg et al., 1994) Besides that, the most frequently used treatments include the mosaicplasty, marrow stimulation, and autologous condrocyte implantation (ACI). (Steinwachs et al., 2008) Mosaicplasty is an autologous osteochondral transplantation method through which cylindrical periosteum grafts are taken from periphery of the patellofemoral area which bears less weight, and transplanted to defective areas. This transplantation can be done with various diameters of grafts. (Haklar et al., 2008; NHS guidance, 2006) Marrow stimulation methods include arthroscopic surgery to smooth the surface of the damaged cartilage area; microfracture, drilling, abrasion. All marrow stimulation methods base on the penetration of the subchondral bone plate at the bottom of the cartilage defect. The outflowing bone marrow blood contains the mesenchymal stem cells which are s tabilised by the clot formation in the defect. These pluripotent stem cells which are able to differentiate into fibrochondrocytes, result in fibrocartilage repair with varying amounts of type I, II and III collagen. (Steinwachs et al., 2008) 2.3 The tissue engineering treatment A 1984 study in rabbits reported successful treatment of focal patellar defects with the use of autologous condrocyte implantation (ACI). One year after transplantation, newly formed cartilage-like tissue typically covered about 70 percent of the defect. (Grande et al. 1989) In 1987, Mats Brittber et al. firstly performed ACI in 23 people with deep cartilage defects in the knee. (Brittberg et al., 1994) ACI is described as a three steps procedure: cartilage cells are taken from a minor load-bearing area on the upper medial femoral condyle of the damaged knee via an arthroscopic procedure, cultivated for four to six weeks in a laboratory and then, in open surgery, introduced back into the damaged area as a liquid or mesh-like transplant; at last, a periosteal flap sutured in place to secure the transplant. ( 2.1) (Husing et al., 2008) The cell density of the cultivated cell solution is required to be 30 x 106 cells/ml, or 2 x 106 cells per cm2 in a clinical setting today. (Brittberg e t al., 2003) Genzyme Biosurgery with its product Carticel ® was the first company which introduced ACT into the market and is market leader in USA. Carticel ® is a classic ACT procedure using the periosteal cover. (Husing et al., 2008) Today the periosteum is often replaced by an artificial resorbable cover such as collagen I/III and hyaluronan membrane, such as ChondroGide or Restore (De Puy, Warzaw, Indiana). (Gooding et al., 2006; Jones and Peterson, 2006) Another new method uses chondrocytes cultured on a three-dimensional, biodegradable scaffold. The scaffold, cut to the required size, is fixed into the lesion site with anchoring stitches. This method does not need the cover, thus simplifying the surgery and shorting the surgery time; opens up the possibility of arthroscopic surgery instead of open surgery which causes more tissue damage. HYALOGRAFT from Italy is one of the European market leaders. It is a cartilage substitute made of autologous chondrocytes delivered on a biocompatible tridimentsional matrix, entirely composed of a derivative of hyaluronic acid. (Marcacci et al. 2005) 2.4 Clinical follow-ups of ACI Brittberg studied the long-term durability of ACI-treated patients, 61 patients were followed for at least five years up to 11 years post-surgery (mean 7.4 years). After two years, 50 out of 61 patients were graded good-excellent. At the five to 11 years follow-up, 51 of the 61 were graded good-excellent. The total failure rate was 16% (10/61) at mean 7.4 years. (Brittberg et al., 2003) Since 1997 the year the FDA approved ACI, this method has been widely performed all over the world, in more than 20 000 patients. It has been reported to be effective in  improving clinical symptoms, such as pain and function. (Wakitani et al., 2008) 2.5 Randomised studies In 2004, Knutsen et al. studied 80 patients who needed local cartilage repair because of symptomatic lesions on the femoral condyles measuring 2-10cm2. The results showed there was no signi ¬Ã‚ cant difference in macroscopic or histological results between ACI and microfracture, and that there was no association between the histological  ¬Ã‚ ndings and the clinical outcome at the 2-year time point. (Knutsen et al., 2004) In the same series, there were no signi ¬Ã‚ cant differences in results at 5 years follow-up. (Knutsen et al., 2007) In another randomised controlled study that compared mosaicplasty with ACI, there was no significant difference in the number of patients who had an excellent or good clinical outcome at 1 year (69% [29/42] and 88% [51/58], respectively). In the subgroup of patients who had repairs to lesions of the medial femoral condyle, significantly more patients who had ACI had an excellent or good outcome (88% [21/24]) compared with those who had mosaicplasty (72% [21/29]) (p 2.6 The limitation of ACI The microfracture is a very simple and low-cost procedure whereas ACI costs almost $10 000 per patient. If ACI is not found to be more effective for improving articular cartilage repair than microfracture, the procedure will not be continued. (Wakitani et al., 2008) There are several possible reasons which should be blamed for the limitations of the traditional ACI procedure. The cell source in ACI is the cartilage tissue taken from a minor load-bearing area on the upper medial femoral condyle of the damaged knee via an arthroscopic procedure. However, Wiseman et al. found the chondrocytes isolated from the low loaded area of the knee joint respond in a distinct manner with the chondrocytes from the high loaded area, which suggests the traditional cell source of ACI may not provide enough mechanical response and may further lead to the insufficient mechanical properties of the repaired tissue. (Wiseman et al. 2003) As cultured in monolayer, chondrocytes undergo a process of dedifferentiation and adopt a more  ¬Ã‚ broblast-like morphology, which is accompanied by an increase in proliferation (Glowacki et al., 1983) and an altered phenotype. Type II collagen, the major protein produced by chondrocytes in articular cartilage, are down-regulated culture, while collagen types I and III are increased. (Stocks et al., 2002; Benya et al., 1978) The agregating proteoglycan aggrecan of articular cartilage, is down-regulated during dedifferentiation and replaced by proteoglycans not speci ¬Ã‚ c to cartilage, such as versican. (Glowacki et al., 1983; Stocks et al., 2002) Therefore, monolayer cultured chondrocytes do not express the true chondrocyte phenotype, and their ability to regenerate damaged cartilage tissue is impaired. Upon implantation, dedifferentiated cells may form a  ¬Ã‚ brous tissue expressing collagen type I that does not have the proper mechanical properties, which may lead to deg radation and failure of the repair tissue. (Brodkin et al., 2004) Chondrocytes grown in conditions that support their round shape, such as plating in high-density monolayer (Kuettner et al., 1982; Watt, 1988) and seeding in 3-D gels (Benya et al., 1982) can maintain their differentiated phenotype much longer compared to cells spread in monolayer cultures. Chapter 3 Tissue engineering strategies for articular cartilage 3.1 Introduction Although ACI can still be considered to be one of commonly form of repair of cartilage defects, it does have a number of scientific limitations. Some of those can be resolved using a more comprehensive tissue engineered strategy which incorporates cells, scaffold materials and potentially biochemical, biomechanical and/or physical stimulation in a controlled bioreactor environment. 3.2 Cell sources For a conventional ACI approach, chondrocytes are derived from the low loading area and then cultured in a monolayer. However, chondrocytes derived from the low load bearing area of the knee joint respond in a distinct manner with the chondrocytes from the high loaded area. Chondrocytes cultured in monolayer have a dedifferentiation phenomenon (Described in the previous chapter). In addition, the limitation of the transplant volume is always a major problem in autograft to be overcome (Kitaoka et al., 2001). Thus, potential cell sources are widely studied for the future improvement of ACI approach. Chondrocytes from immature animals (approximately 1-6 weeks old) have been used widely in tissue engineering studies for their ability to increase matrix synthesis and to produce better mechanical properties (Darling and Athanasiou, 2005). Kitaoka et al. examined the possibility of using hyaline cartilage of costal cartilage as a substitute to the knee joint articular cartilage. Costal cartilage cells are derived from 8-week-old male SV40 large T-antigen transgenic mice. Three mouse chondrocyte cell lines (MCC-2, MCC-5, and MCC-35) were established using cloning cylinders, which is a kind of mold. These cell lines showed chondrocytic characteristics, including formation of cartilage nodules that could be stained with alcian blue, and mRNA expression for type II collagen, type XI collagen, ALPase, osteopontin, aggrecan, and link protein (Kitaoka et al., 2001). Animal-derived bone marrow cells, in particular from rabbit origin, have shown a highly variable chondrogenic potential (Solchaga et al., 1999). The establishment of some bone marrow stromal cell lines having the ability of diffrentiation to chondrocyte has been reported, as well as some other cell lines established from rat calvaria, mouse c-fos-induced cartilage tumor and mouse embryonic carcinoma, respectively. Each of the cell lines showed chondrocytic phenotypes (Kitaoka et al., 2001). LVEC cells derived from EBs of human embryonic germ cells were reported to be homogenously differentiated into hyaline cartilage. Three dimensional tissue formation is achieved by encapsulating cells in synthetic hydrogels poly (ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) followed by incubation in chondrocyte-conditioned medium (for the recipe, please see the paper) (Varghese et al., 2006). Periosteum consists of two layers. Fibroblasts are from the fibrous layer and progenitor cells are from the cambium layer. Progenitor cells are supposed to be able to differentiate into chondrocytes. Emans et al. compared the chondrocyte and the periosteum cell as cell source for autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) on animals. The results turned out that the condrtocytes are much better for ACI procedure (Emans et al., 2006). 3.3 Scaffolds Biomaterial scaffolds provide a critical means of controlling engineered tissue architecture and mechanical properties; allow cells attach, grow in and proliferation; allow the cell signals travelling through (Freed et al., 2006). In many in vitro or in vivo approaches, cells are grown on biomaterial scaffolds for further research or just for implantation, where new functional tissue is formed, remodelled and integrated into the body. The biomaterials which compose scaffolds are required to satisfy several properties. At first, the material as a support structure must possess enough mechanical strength to protect the cells contained in. Secondly, the material must have some bioactivity to accommodate cells for attachment, growth, proliferation and migration. The material should act as a vehicle for gene, protein and oxygen delivery. Furthermore, the material should be biodegradable for the new cartilage to form and replace the original structure. In this regard, the material should be non-toxic, non-inflammatory active, and also non-immunogenic. Finally, the material should be easy to handle for surgery procedure (Stoop, 2008). 3.3.1 Natural materials Collagen-based biomaterials are widely used in todays clinical practice (for example, haemostasis and cosmetic surgery). Collagen is also be commonly used as main components in tissue engineered skin products. Several commercial autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) products have used collagenous membraneas the replacement for the periosteum to close the defect, such as ChondroGide or Restore (De Puy, Warzaw, Indiana) (Cicuttini et al., 1996; Jones and Peterson, 2006) The .combination of collagen with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in scaffolds had a positive effect on chondrocyte phenotype. Condrocytes were cultured in porous type I collagen matrices in the presence and absence of covalently attached chondroitin sulfate (CS) up to 14 days in a study (van Susante et al., 2001). Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulphated GAG that makes up a large proportion of cartilage extracellular matrix. In its unmodified form, it has a high biocompatibility (Schulz and Bader, 2007). Matrices composed of hyaluronan have been frequently used as a carrier for chondrocytes. Facchini et al. con ¬Ã‚ rms the hyaluronan derivative scaffold Hyaff  ®11 as a suitable scaffold both for chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of articular cartilage defects in their study. HYALOGRAFT from Italy is one of the European market leaders for ACT. It is a cartilage substitute made of autologous chondrocytes delivered on a biocompatible tridimentsional matrix, entirely composed of a derivative of hyaluronic acid (Marcacci et al., 2005). Fibrin plays a major role in general wound healing and specially during healing of osteochondral defects. Fibrin glue is currently used for the fixation of other chondrocyte scaffold constructs in defects. Some investigators used fibrin glues as a matrix, but owing to the exceedingly high concentrations and protein densities involved, the glue impeded rather than facilitated cell invasion and did not support a healing response (Stoop, 2008). Susante et al. found fibrin glue does not offer enough biomechanical support as a three-dimensional scaffold (van Susante et al., 1999). Another study found fibrin and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) hybrid scaffold promotes early chondrogenesis of articular chondrocytes in vitro. They used the natural polymer fibrin to immobilize cells and to provide homogenous cells distribution in PLGA scaffolds (Shaban et al., 2008). Sugar-based natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate and agarose can be formulated as hydrogels and in some cases sponges or pads. Although these materials are extensively used in in vitro research, their role in in vivo cartilage reconstruction is still limited (Stoop, 2008). Alginate possesses a number of suitable properties as a scaffold material for cartilage tissue engineering. The mobility of alginate allows the ability of cells to be distributed throughout the scaffold before the gelling phase. Its well-characterized mechanical properties are suitable for the transmission of mechanical stimuli to cells. Furthermore, it has been proved its ability to reestablish and maintain the differentiated state of chondrocytes during long-term culture (Heywood et al., 2004). Agarose is a clear, thermoreversible hydrogel which has been applied in numerous studies in cartilage tissue engineering. This hydrogel is supportive of the chondrocyte phenotype and allows for the synthesis of a fu nctional extracellular matrix. Agarose is neutrally charged, and forms solid gels at room temperature. The initial strength of the gel is dependent on the rate of gelling, which in turn is dependent on the ambient temperature. Gel strength is also strongly dependent on the concentration of the gel in solution. Basic science studies involving agarose gel formation have demonstrated that rapid cooling leads to a decreased, more homogeneous pore size. Increasing the gel concentration additionally decreases gel pore size and permeability. A number of studies have used agarose for the investigation of chondrocyte growth and response to mechanical stimuli (Ho MMY et al., 2003). 3.3.2 Synthetic materials Potential synthetic material scaffolds for the tissue engineering of bone or cartilage include: PL (Polylactic acid) PGLA (Polyglycolicacid and copolymers) CF-PU-PLLA (Carbonfibre-Polyurethane-Poly(L-lactide)-Graft) CF-Polyester (Polyester-Carbonfibre) PU (Polyurethane) PLLA (Capralactone (Poly-L-Lactide/epsilon-Caprolactone) PLLA-PPD (Poly- L-Lactic Acid and Poly- p-Dioxanol) PVA-H (Polyvinylalcohol-Hydrogel) ß-TCP (Tricalcium phosphate) CDHA (Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite) (Haasper et al., 2008) The major advantages of the synthetic polymers are their design flexibility and avoid of disease transmission. Synthetic polymers can be easily processed into highly porous 3-dimensional scaffolds, fibres, sheets, blocks or microspheres. However, there are also disadvantages of some synthetic polymers, such as the potential increase in local pH resulting from acidic degradation products, excessive inflammatory responses and poor clearance and chronic inflammation associated with high molecular weight polymer (Stoop, 2008). Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) have been investigated for use as cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds (Cima et al., 1991; Vacanti et al., 1991). Both, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated these scaffold maintained the chondrocyte phenotype and the production of cartilage-speci ¬Ã‚ c extracellular matrix (ECM) (Barnewitz et al., 2006; Kaps et al., 2006). In addition, PLGA is used as a scaffold material for matrix-based autologous chondrocyte transplantation clinically for more than 3 years (Ossendorf et al., 2007). 3.4 Biomedical stimulation Growth factors are proved to be able to promote the formation of new cartilage tissue in both explants and engineered constructs (Darling and Athanasiou, 2005). Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) can dramatically increase biosynthesis level of choncroctyes, especially in the presence of mechanical stimulation (Bonassar et al. 2001; Jin et al. 2003). Transforming growth factor-ÃŽ ²1 (TGF-ÃŽ ²1) increases biosynthesis in engineered constructs and also stimulates the cellular proliferation (Blunk et al. 2002; van der Kraan et al. 1992). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates cell proliferation (Adolphe et al. 1984) and biosynthesis (Fujimoto et al. 1999) in chondrocytes which were cultured under a variety of conditions. 3.5 Mechanical stimulation ACI is considered a proper way for the repair of cartilage defect. However, one of the obstacles to the use of autologous chondrocytes is the limited in vitro proliferation rate of these cells. A lot of stimulations have been found to be effective in stimulating cell proliferation and ECM synthesis, including mechanical, electrical, ultrasound (Parvizi et al., 1999; Noriega et al., 2007) and even laser (Torricelli et al., 2001) stimulation. Mechanical forces due to body movement are experienced by articular cartilage every day. These forces include direct compression, tensile and shear forces, or the generation of hydrostatic pressure and electric gradients. Some level of these forces is beneficial to chondrocytes. (Schulz and Bader, 2007; Shieh and Athanasiou, 2007) There are many studies which have described the design of bioreactor systems, which can apply shear forces, perfusion, tension, hydrostatic pressure, static compression, dynamic compression on cartilage explants, monolayer cultured cells or tissue engineered constructs. (Schulz and Bader, 2007) Previous work on these bioreactor systems has demonstrated that chondrocytes are highly mechanosensitive. A summary of the key studies is provided in Table 3.1. Static compression leads to decreased levels of sulfate and proline incorporation (Sah et al., 1989; Ragan et al., 1999). Type II collagen and aggrecan gene expression increase transiently, but decrease when exposed to longer durations of static compression (Ragan et al., 1999). In contrast, dynamic compression of cartilage explants stimulates sulfate and proline incorporation, while chondrocytes em bedded in hydrogels produce more matrix and form robust constructs when cyclically compressed. (Lee and Bader, 1997; Mauck et al., 2000) Table 3.1. Influence of the different models of mechanical stimulation on the biochemical response of articular chondrocytes. References Type of m